Infant Toddler Development Essay Example

Infant Toddler Development Paper 1 Definition of infancy period between birth and 12-18 months, when baby begins to talk 1 Definition of toddler infants between 18 and 36 months 1 Maturationist believes babies develop acc. To genes 1 empiricists believe babies develop based on experience (Lockes tabla rasa) 1 nativist believe babies come equipped with inborn feelings, ideas, traits 1 transactional perspective nature AND nurture believes babies develop based both on biology and social interactions 1 cephalocaudal perspective development proceeds from head to foot 1 proximodistal principle development proceeds from center of body to outer extremeties 1 Six categories of Child Development Theories 1) Nativistic/maturational 2) Behavioral 3) Psychoanalytic 4) Cognitive 5) Social contextual 6) Developmental systems theories 1 Methods of studying infants 1) Habituation-Dishabituation/Novelty, 2) Visual Preference Technique 3) Violation of Expectation Method 4) Physiological Repsonses 5) Facial Expressions 6) Parent Reports 7)Nonnutritive Sucking 1 Developmental Assessment Instruments Denver II, Hawaii Early Learning Profile (HELP) 2 Order of stages of an infant (names of the cell clusters) zygote,morula, blastocyst, embryo, fetus 2 Percentage of pregnancies that result in miscarriage, and when 50% of pregnancies, usually within the 1st 3 weeks 2 Length of prenatal period 266 days or 38 weeks 2 gestational age from 1st day of last menstrual period (280 days, or 40 weeks) 2 zygote newly fertilized egg. 2 where does the zygote travel? it gets fertilized in the fallopian tubes and travels in the tubes towards the uterus 2 within 36 hours, the zygote does this it divides into 2 cells within 36 hours of fertilization 2 morula what the zygote becomes after dividing into 12-16 cells, knobby looking 2 blastocyst how many days old? four days old, 58 cells 2 What does the blastocyst do during its existence? it floats free in the uterus 2-3 days, then on 6th day attaches to lining of uterus. Enzymes break down cells to help it attach. Enzymes stop on 10th day. 13th or 14th day, implantation has healed over in scarlike cyst. 2 percentage of ertilized ova that fail to attach to uterus 30-50% of ova fail to do this 2 placental previa blastocyst implants in extreme lower region of uterus, DANGEROUS 2 cervical pregnancy blastocyst implants in cervix; usu. Results in spontaneous abortion 2 ectopic pregnancy blastocyst implants outside the uterus; usu. Causes excessive bleeding and spontaneous abortion 2 embryo define, and how old? when blasocyst has developed cells called embryonic disk, it becomes an embryo (around 14th day) 2 embryonic disk group of cells inside blastocyst (now an embryo) that composes the beginning of major structures of the body 2 gastrulation development of the body form, beginning with the formation of 3 germ layers 2 germ layers how many and why? 3 germ layers, form through gastrulation, will become major body structures (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm) 2 ectoderm germ layer in embryo that will form nervous system, backbone, skin, hair, nails, parts of eyes and ears 2 endoderm germ layer in embryo that will form digestive tract, respiratory system, liver, glands 2 mesoderm germ layer in embryo that will form circulatory, excretory, and reproductive systems, skeleton, muscles, connecting tissues 2 chorion outer layer of the embryo, around 3 weeks; one side attached to uterus, and later develops into placenta; other side has cavity that will form the amniotic sac 2 placenta develops from chorion, it is the link between mother and child, exchanges all nutrients, waste products, oxygen, hormones, etc. 2 umbilical cord how long and thick? links uterus to embryo; at full term, is 1/2 to 3/4 inches thick and 20-24 inches long 2 How often is fluid in amnotic sac replaced? the fluid is changed every 3 hours through the placenta 2 secondary yolk sac (first yolk sac disappears) this one transfers nutrients to embryo before placental connection is made 2 neurulation ectoderm folds over to make neural tube; nervous system begins to develop 2 primitive spinal cord is formed when? by 9th or 10th week 2 what do neurons do, and until when? they migrate until the 28th week 2 what is th most critical period for brain development? between the 3rd and 16th week is most critical 2 when will the embryos tail disappear? it disappears around the 8th week 2 when does the embryo has facial features? by 6 weeks 2 somites the foundations of skeleton, appear as tiny buds around 8th week 2 when do teeth start forming? they start forming around the 12th prenatal week 2 when do kidneys and urinary tract develop they develop by aound the 4th and 5th weeks 2 when does heart begin to flutter? it begins to flutter around the 3rd week (21st day) 2 fetus when do we start calling it this? we start calling it this name around the 9th week (end of 8th) 2 What is the length of the fetal period? (what to what week? this period is 9-20 prenatal weeks 2 vernix caseosa and lanugo what are they, and during what prenatal period do they appear? one is a waxy cheeselike covering of the skin and the other is downlike hairs; during fetal period, around 17-20 weeks 2 Klinefelter Syndrome a chromosomal abnormality; male child is born with two X chromosomes, and one Y; males later develop breasts, small testes, sparse pubic and facial hair, low IQ 2 Turner syndrome a chromosomal abnormality; infant has only 1 X chromosome; delayed growth, webbed neck, ovaries do not function, normal intelligence, visual-perceptial problems 2 cri du chat syndrome a chromosomal abnormality; unusual facial features, reduced head and brain size, heart disease, severe mental disabilities 2 Huntingtons chorea a single gene disorder; a progressive degeneration of the nervous system 2 single gene disorder examples examples include dwarfism, glaucoma, Huntingtons chorea, PKU (phenylketonuria; cant digest amino acids in milk), cycstic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia 2 what is the most common form of prenatal assessment (maternal blood tests, ultrasound, or amniocentesis)? ultrasound is the most common form of this 3 What parecentage of babies are born within 2 weeks of their due date (280 days gestation)? 95% of babies are born at this time 3 What percentage of babies are born in the head-first position? 96% of babies are born in this position 3 what is breech position? this is when baby is born with butt, feet, or knees first 3 what is frank breech position? when baby is born butt first, feet extended straight up past ears 3 What is the most difficult phase of delivery called? The transition phase (contractions are very close together and very strong) 3 How wide is a fully dilated cervix? 8 inches (normally it is the width of a pencil) 3 What is the Leboyer method? it involves controlling te birth environment (warm, quiet room, dim lights, gently handled baby, massaged on mothers belly, baby put in warm water) 3 couvade fathers in the northwest Amazon hold magical beliefs about childbirth, mimic symptoms and delivery 3 neonatal period/infancy length? usu. 2 weeks, or up to 4-6 weeks 3 meconium black, semisolid poo of newborn 3 Name the 6 states of arousal (Wolff 1966) 1) Regular sleep/quiet sleep (non REM) 2)Irregular sleep/active sleep (REM) 3)Drowsiness 4)Alert inactivity (quiet alert) 5) Waking activity (bursts of vigorous movement) 6) Crying 3 Regular sleep is also called: quiet sleep 3 Irregular sleep is also called: active sleep 3 Alert inactivity is also called quiet alert 3 What are the 3 leading causes of infant death in the first year? Congenital abnormalities, prematurity/low birthweight, SIDS 3 What is low birth weight? (under what weight?) under 5 1/2 lbs 3 What is considered full-term birth? (between what weeks?) between 37 and 42 weeks 3 respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) the most common cause of death of pre-term infants; babies have incomplete lungs and not enough surfectant 3 What does APGAR stand for? Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiratory Effort 4 What is HGH and why is it important? It is Human Growth Hormone and it is important for growth after the baby is born. Growth may be stunted if deficient (GHD = Growth hormone deficiency) 4 By what month is babys growth doubled (after birth)? Babys weight doubles by 4 or 5 months 4 When is babys weight tripled? It triples by 1 year 4 What is the average birthweight (females, males)? Females average 7 1/2 lbs, males 7 3/4 lbs 4 What is average birth length? (females, males) females average 19 1/2 inches, males 19 3/4 inches 4 BMI how do you calculate it for babies? BMI = pounds divided by inches divided by inches x 703 (average BMI for 3 year old is 15.7) 4 Fontanels wide sections of cartilage that hold together the eight pieces of bone on the infants skull; AKA soft spots 4 When do teeth start to come in? (roughly) normally around 8 months, sometimes earlier =-) 4 When does baby have all 20 teeth cut? around 30-36 months 4 At birth, what percentage has brain grown to? brain is around 25% of full size at birth 4 at 6 months, babys brain is what percentage of full size? at 6 months, babys brain is 50% of adult weight 4 At what prenatal week does baby have a complete set of neurons? at the 20th week, baby has the full 80 million 5 When are babys immunities from mom mostly gone? They are gone by 6-12 months of age 5 otitis media middle ear infection 85% of kids in U.S. have one before age 3 5 what may be a cause of colic? possibly allergic reaction to protein in formula or allergens in breast milk; OR maybe IBS or reflux 5 What is the chance of mother infecting baby with AIDS/HIV? the chance of mother-baby infection is 20-25% 5 What is the leading cause of death for infants ages 6-12 months of age? maltreatment is the leading cause of death in this age group 5 What are the 2 most common forms of maltreatment of babies? the two most common forms are neglect and physical abuse 5 What are the top 3 causes of unintentional infant death? 1) Motor vehicle 2) drowning 3) fires/burns 5 Can AIDS be transmitted through breast milk? Yes, it can be transmitted 5 What age do Americans typically wean their babies? around 1 year (67%) 5 Kwashiorkor malnutrition caused by lack of protein; results in swollen belly, little muscle tissue, loss of hair, lethargy 5 Marasmus malnutrition caused by lack of calories (essentially, starvation); can cause chronic diarrhea, vomiting, irritability, apathy 6 maturation theory theory that children can be taught early, but others who are not taught will catch up easily due to maturation 6 dynamic systems approach a theory that compromises between maturation theory and learning; body systems must work together for baby to accomplish tasks (i.e. walking) 6 Moro reflex baby stretches arms out and brings together in hugging motion, in response to sudden noise or drop (disappears by 3 or 4 months 6 Babinski reflex big toe goes up while other toes go down, in response to tickle on bottom of foot (12-16 months) 6 tonic neck reflex reflex where one side of body is dominant, one arm and leg are extended in direction of which way head is facing (fades out 4th month) 6 stepping reflex rhythmic steps when feet touch flat surface (gone by 5 months) 6 Reflex must disappear before†¦ †¦before voluntary motor movement can be established 6 Two stages of Fine Motor Development 1) prereaching (swatting for things in visual field) 2) Visually Directed reaching (locate item with eyes first) 6 prehension grasping object between fingers and thumb 6 when does baby learn to use thumb for grasping? around 9 months 6 when can baby sit up alone? (roughly) around 6-7 months 6 when do average infants begin to crawl? around 7 months 6 when do babies creep? around 9 months 6 when do babies walk? around 12 months 6 when do babies stand? around 8-10 months 6 cruising walking sideways, using furniture to hold oneself up 6 when do babies run? around 18 months 6 what scale is used to measure motor movement? Bayley Scales of Infant Development II 7 can babies feel pain? of course!! More stress when given less anesthesia 7 haptic perception rubbing hands on surface of objects 7 what is the least-developed sense at birth? (hearing, smelling†¦ etc) vision is the least developed sense 7 when can babies see color about as well as adults? around 3 months, babies can see color as well 7 which do babies prefer more? Faces or patterns? they prefer faces more 7 when can babies discriminate between one or two objects from three (counting)? around 4-5 months 8 what are the two best predictors of IQ and language development later in life? home-environment quality and parent-infant interactions are the best predictors 8 Piagets theory believes that intelligence develops through what two kinds of influences? he believed it develops based on interaction between genetic and environmental (external) influences 8 scheme a basic pattern of action, thought, or knowledge 8 adaptation what is it the key to, according to? making changes in thought and actions to fit into new situations; Piaget believed it is the key to intellectual functioning 8 assimilation making the environment fit YOU 8 What two processes make up adaptation? Assimilation and accommodation 8 Accomodation making yourself fit the environment 8 what are Piagets basic stages? sensorimotor, preoperational thought, concrete operations, formal operations 8 sensorimotor period (age, how many stages) birth to 2 years, six stages 1)Exercising Reflex schemes, 2)primary circular reactions 3)secondary circular reactions 4) coordination of secondary circular reactions 5) Teritary Circular reactions 6)Invention of new Means through Mental Combinations 8 Acc. To Piaget, thought arises from†¦ †¦arises from action 8 Stage 1 Sensorimotor (name, age, char) Exercising reflex schemes (Birth-1 month) sucking, looking, crying. Goal is to become efficient at reflexes to satisfy nutritive needs 8 Stage2 Sensorimotor (name, age, char) Primary Circular Reactions (1-4 months) primary = centered in babies own body. Circular reaction: response that stimulates its own repetition (i.e. thumb sucking). Understands order of events (put in position to nurse, followed by nursing) basis for concept of time 8 Stage 3 Sensorimotor Secondary Circular reactions (4-8 months) secondary = based on events or objects outside the body, ie. kicking a mobile stimulates repetition of kicking, object permanence emerges 8 Stage 4 Sensorimotor Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions (8-12 months) schemes are flexible, can be generalized to more situations. Babies can solve simple problems or obstacles. Cause and Effect emerges. (i.e. moving pillow to get box) true imitation emerges (imitate actions they cant see themselves perform i.e. wrinkle nose 8 Stage 5 Sensorimotor Tertiary Circular Reactions (12-18 months) baby deliberately varies repetitive activities to produce new results. (curiosity and creativity) cause and effect is extended to other people. Babies seek to understand functions and properties of objects (i.e. weight) object permanence improves 8 Stage 6 Sensorimotor Invention of New Means Through Mental Combinations (18-24 months) ability to represent objects using mental images emerges. Invents solutions using mental schemes. 8 Vygotsky believed that these two things are critical factors in intellectual development: environment and social interactions 8 Vygotsky also believed this was central to shaping mental functioning: language 8 Sensorimotor play play through body movements that provide sensory pleasure; i.e. kicking, sucking, shaking, banging 8 double substitution the most sophisticated form of pretend (symbolic) play ie. stick is a doll (1) and bottle cap is cup the doll drinks from (2) 8 scaffolding (and who termed it?) Vygotsky termed it) tutoring, encouraging 9 When does private speech appear? around 30 months (2 1/2- 3 years) 9 phonology the sound features of speech and rules for their combination 9 phoneme basic, distinctive sounds used to form language 9 morphology the way sounds are combined to form words and other units of meaning 9 semantics the definitions of words and relations to other words (context) 9 Syntax the way words are combined to form sentences 9 pragmatics the practical functions of language and ways it is used to communicate 9 When does babbling emerge? 6 months 9 When does echolalia emerge? 9 months 9 when does first word emerge? 12 months 9 canonical babbling well-formed vowel and consonant combos, around 10 months (da da) 9 morpheme unit of meaning (ie. in choirboy, the words choir and boy are morphemes; also opened is open and ed) 9 age when vocabulary starts multiplying a lot: 18 -21 months (gain of 100 words) 9 word comprehension begins at age†¦ at 9-10 months (meaning of words like no) 9 age when babies start to put sentences together (2 words) 18 months 9 holophrases single words that are intended to mean a whole sentence (like ball means bring me the ball 9 two-word utterances what pattern do they follow? subject-verb Daddy eat! (not Eat Daddy!) 9 Three-word sentences appear at†¦ 2 to 2 1/2 years 9 Seven language functions: (Halliday) 1) Instrumental (I want) 2)Regulatory (do as I tell you) 3) Interactional (me and you) 4) Personal (Here I come) 5) Heuristic (exploring the environment) 6) Imaginative (Lets pretend) 7) Informative (Ive got something to tell you) 9 when do babies start the 7th funciton of language (informative) around 22 months 9 when does pointing gesture appear? 9-14 months 9 when do babies look at objects other people point to? 1 year 9 crib talk begins when? around 2-3 years 9 motherese special language mothers use to talk to their babies; baby talk (higher pitch, short, simplified words, slower pace, whispering, restriciton of topics to childs world 9 idioglossia private twin language, consisting of jargon and gestures 10 Freuds oral stage what ages, what bx? ages birth to 18 mo., baby must receive gratification throguh mouth (ie. sucking, feeding) or he/she will stay orally fixated 10 Freuds anal stage what ages, what bx? ages 18 mo. To 3 years; Baby must have a positive toilet training experience or he/she will remain anally fixated 10 Eriksons Trust Versus Mistrust ages? Char? ages Birth to 18 mo., baby must feel that the world is to be trusted, requires consistency and continuity, or baby will have difficulty separating from mother and have emotional problems later in life 10 Eriksons Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt 18 mo. To 3 years; baby must explore environment on its own, must establish bowel control (like Freuds anal stage); parents should not be overpermissive or overrestrictive. If child feels incompetent or insecure, they cannot progress to next stage 10 What is required to advance through Eriksons stages? each stage represents a conflict; conflict must be resolved before personality can proceed smoothly to the next stage. 10 What are the 9 dimensions of personality? 1) Activity level 2)Rhythmicity (regularity of schedule, eating, sleeping) 3) Approach or withdrawal (to people, food) 4) Adaptability (to change) 5) Sensory threshold (level of stimulation to elicit a response) 6) Intensity of response 7) Quality of mood 8) Distractibility 9) Persistence of attention span 10 65% of babies fall into one of three categories of child: 1) Easy Child (regular schedule, positive mood, easy to comfort, 40% of babies) 2) Difficult Child (irregular body functions and routines, cry a lot, not adaptable (10% of babies) 3) Slow-to-Warm-Up Child (mild intensity of reactions, not easily adaptable, mild negative responses, eventually makes appropriate adjustments, and displays quiet interest and enjoyment, 15 % of babies) 10 goodness-of-fit when child and caregiver match each other in personality 10 self-recognition (in mirror) when does this begin? starting around 15-18 months 10 by this age, babies can distinguish between picture of themselves and picture of another baby around 2 years 10 verbal self when baby can refer to him/herself with verbal labels (I, me, my) 10 when do babies first use verbal self labels? (I, me, my) around 20-22 months (I is usu. First) 10 When do babies start using self-descriptive statements (like I play)? around 2 years 10 perceived personal effectance infants learn the extent to which they can control their world; a 1-year-old is less afraid of a scary toy when they can control the toy 10 theory of mind 1) others have thoughts and beliefs that may be different from mine 2) understand that others sometimes have false beliefs (like when playing hide-and-seek, mommy may think you are in the closet when youre not) 11 7 abilities of Social Competence 1) getting, holding adults attention 2) Expressing affection and annoyance appropriately 3) Using an adult as resource when task is too difficult 4) Showing pride of personal accomplishments 5) Engaging in role-play/make-believe 6) Leading and following peers 7) Competing with peers 11 First social smile appears when? 2-3 months 11 social laughter appears when? 3-4 months 11 Notices/interacts with peers when? 3-6 months 11 Plays peek-a-boo when? 5-8 months 11 shy with strangers when? 8-10 months, peaks at 12 months 11 endogenous smile triggered by changes of arousal in nervous system; not socially produced 11 exogenous smile triggered by stimuli outside of body, changes in nervous system produced by others, ie. babytalk or blowing on tummy 11 Whaleys 5 stages of adult-infant play 1) Complementary/Reciprocal Social Play (face-to-face, smiles, sounds, adult as object) 2) Complementary/Reciprocal Play with Manual Awareness (focus of play is object provided by adult) 3) Simple Social/Simple Object Play (7-13 months infant locates own objects, playthings, parallel play with peers 4) Object Play wtih Mutual Regard (13-18 months infant attends to objects and adults at the same time thru games, conversations) 5) Simple Parallel Play (18-24 months, toddler plays independently with adults and peers nearby) 11 Uzgiris and Raeffs 3 types of infant-adult play 1) Interpersonal Play 2) Object Play 3) Symbolic Play 11 Interpersonal Play face-to-face interactions, social games, routines; peek-a-boo; imitaiton 11 Object Play parents are the audience and facilitators to infant playing with toy or object 11 Symbolic Play i.e. a block becomes a hammer, 1-2 years old infants will engage in joint episodes of symbolic play. Older kids will do it more independently 11 Earliest peer interactions infants notice other babies when? around 2 months 11 infant reaches toward other infants when? 3 months 11 infants vocalize and smile at other infants when? 6 months 11 Infants make physical contact when? around 1 year, exploring eyes, mouths, ears 11 Negative behaviors increase between what ages? between 1-2 years 11 By 2 years of age, toddler interactions are characterized by more: repetitive, reciprocal, cooperative patterns 11 Playmate preferences appear by: 18 months 11 By this age, most toddlers perfer same-sex peers as playmates 2 years 11 Between these ages, toddler find amusement in forbidden behaviors and share in laughter of others in challenge to adult authority: ages 14-24 months 11 moral development internalizing the rules and principles of human behavior 11 the moral dilemma experiment involving a hurt peer and bandages on a forbidden shelf showed: most children struggled with the dilemma but found a way to achieve a positive outcome 11 Prosocial behaviors, examples positive, socially desirable activities; ie. sharing, nuturing, helping, cooperation 11 Sharing behavior begins around age 1 (and declines afterwards, becoming more individualized 11 Children become more obedient between ages 1-3 years 11 by this age, most toddlers have adopted much of their cultures sex-typed division of activities and attributes by age 3 12 socialization of emotions infants emotions are influenced by the responses of parents and other caregivers 12 Mothers give a greater variety of emotional responses to (boys or girls?) girls 12 at what age to infants display anger? 4-7 months 12 at what age do infants display fear/wariness? 4-9 months 12 at what age do infants display rage? 7-18 months 12 display affection/love? 18-36 months 12 display empathy/symapthy? 18-36 months 12 display embarrassment? 24-36 months 12 display guilt, pride, shame? 24-36 months 12 when does stranger anxiety peak? 12 months 12 stranger anxiety declines after 1 year, then peaks again between ages: 18-24 months 12 separation anxiety begins at†¦ and peaks at†¦ begins at 8-9 months, peaks at 12 months 12 empathy may also correspond with infants achievement of: self-recognition (concept of self and others) 12 social referencing baby looks to adult to decide how to react in uncertain situations if mom smiles at a strange toy, baby is more willing to explore the toy 12 at this age, most babies can point to pictures of happy and sad faces by age 2 12 securely attached def and percentage? 66 % explored while mother was there, reacted positively to stranger, distressed when mother left, was easily comforted and resumed play when mom returned 12 avoidant attachment 12 % did not protest when separated from mother, avoided or ignored mother when she came back 12 ambivalent attachment 22 % very upset when mothers left room, ran to mothers when reunited, but was clinging and resistant (kicking and pushing away) 12 disorganized-disoriented attachment screaming for parent upon separation, moving silently away when parent returns, freezing all movement, approaching parent with head averted, stereotypies like rocking on hands and knees (their mothers often have early psychological trauma and loss) 13 Effects of divorce on children under age 2: less basic trust, more guilt and shame, less industry, more feelings of inferiority; more behavior problems in preschool 13 Effects of Father absence children score lower on cognitive tests, educational achievement is negatively affected 13 Percentages of children cared for by: parent, relative, daycare, non-relative family childcare parent 27%, relative 27%, daycare 22%, non-relative family childcare 17% 13 Six characteristics of home environment likely to foster early development: 1) Emotional and verbal responsivity of mother 2) Avoidance of restriction and punishment 3) Organization of physical env. And schedule 4) Provisions of appropriate play materials 5) Maternal involvement with child 6) Opportunities for variety in daily stimulation 13 Four types of discipline that result in Negative Outcomes: 1) inconsistent discipline 2) irritable, explosive discipline 3) low supervision and involvement 4) inflexible, rigid discipline 13 If punishment is necessary, it should be: brief and clearly linked to what the child has done